Romanticism, By Charles Baudelaire - 1235 Words

Romanticism is an artistic revolt that originated in Europe in the 18th century. It rejected the rationalism, logical thinking, and societal norms associated with the Age of Enlightenment. Rather, it embraced ideals that came out of the French Revolution. The works of art focused on promoting free-thinking and provoking feeling from its viewers. To further explain Romanticism, poet and critic Charles Baudelaire once wrote that romanticism is precisely situated neither in choice of subject nor in exact truth, but in way of feeling. Various paintings throughout the 18th and 19th century helped to define this time in art history. During the Romanticism era, it was through the emphasis on emotion, freedom, and the everyday life that the Romantic principles of the sublime and the picturesque were expressed. One of the various themes present in Romanticism is emotion. A major part of the Romanticism movement was placing focus on emotion as opposed to reason. In paintings where a central theme is emotion, artists use the sublimity and picturesque aspects of nature to symbolize feeling or convey a narrative. In The Lady of Shalott (1888) by John William Waterhouse, the subject of the painting is a woman, sitting alone in a boat. It takes inspiration from a scene from a poem of the same name by Alfred, Lord Tennyson. The poem tells the story of the young woman and her unrequited love for Sir Lancelot. Even though the focus of the image is the sorrowful woman, the compositionShow MoreRelatedCharles Baudelaire, Leo Tolstoy, and Anton Chekhov: Change during Romanticism, Realism, and Naturalism979 Words   |  4 Pagescenturies. Charles Baudelaire, Leo Tolstoy, and Anton Chekhov give readers a glimpse into how change affects man in terms of the philosophies of their respective ages of Romanticism, Realism, and Naturalism. During the age of Romanticism, authors explored the ideology that people can learn, change, grow, and improve themselves—even hardened criminals. People of the Romantic era were in tune with their feelings; everything revolved around emotion. Known for this period, Charles Baudelaire, who isRead More Charles Baudelaire: Romantic, Parnassian, and Symbolist Essay example1712 Words   |  7 Pages Charles Baudelaire: Romantic, Parnassian, and Symbolist nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Often compared to the American poet Edgar Allen Poe, the French poet Charles Baudelaire has become well-known for his fascination with death, melancholy, and evil and his otherwise eccentric yet contemplative style. These associations have deemed him as a â€Å"patron saint of modernist poetry† while at the same time closely tying his style in with the turbulent revolutionary movements in France and Europe during theRead More The Meanings of Madame Bovary Essay621 Words   |  3 Pagesfurther discussion of this reading click on Emma: Victim of her own Romanticism. Another view holds that Emma is an essentially tragic figure, a figure of epic proportions whose ideals are thwarted by a petty and money-grabbing society. The poet and critic Charles Baudelaire, however, saw Emma as a heroic creation and described her as `trà ¨s sublime dans son espà ¨ce, dans son petit milieu et en face de son petit horizon (Baudelaire: 1976, p.83). She is a truly epic heroine in thrall to an excessiveRead MoreRomanticism Essay778 Words   |  4 PagesTIMELINE: ROMANTICISM 1800-1850 ïÆ'Ëœ 1749(-1832): Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was born (writer). ïÆ'Ëœ 1762: â€Å"Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains.† Jean-Jacques Rousseau. ïÆ'Ëœ 1770(-1840): Neo-Classicism ïÆ'Ëœ 1770(-1850): William Wordsworth (writer) was born. ïÆ'Ëœ 1770: Industrial Revolution had an influence on the Romantic period. ïÆ'Ëœ 1785: Grim Brothers. ïÆ'Ëœ 1789: French Revolution. ïÆ'Ëœ 1800 Start of Romanticism ïÆ'Ëœ 1802(-1885): Victor Hugo (writer) was born. ïÆ'Ëœ 1802(-1870): Alexandre DumanRead MoreThe Intersection Of Modernity And Gender1601 Words   |  7 PagesDecadence era which was a backlash to the romanticism era. Where concepts were women being swept off their feet, and finding the beauty in everything. The concept then flips due to the fact that society sees the beauty of love and it talks about that love like gender does not exist on a single layer and is multidimensional. It does not have to prescribe to a socially acceptable norms. Modernity though the gender movements is explored though the works of Baudelaire s Flowers of Evil†, Marry Wollstonecraft’sRead MoreThe Paintings of Romantic Period819 Words   |  3 Pagesliterature and music, lasted from the end of the eighteenth century to the mid-nineteenth century. Romantic artists eschewed Neoclassical history painting to focus on imaginary and exotic subjects, as well as nature. The poet and critic Charles Baudelaire wrote in 1846, Romanticism is precisely situated neither in choice of subject nor in exact truth, but in a way of feeling (Galitz 2004). The Romantic movement was shaped by political, philosophical, social and artistic movements and embraced passionatelyRead MoreDelacroix Of The Renaissance Period702 Words   |  3 Pagesexalted and elevated every subsequent generation of painters.’ We can trace Delacroix’s artistic heritage back to Rubens and Michelangelo, although his use of colors was a product of his Venetian schooling. Delacroix’s influence throughout the Romanticism art movement is comparable to that of Michelangelo’s influence throughout the Renaissance movements. Delacroix spent time studying and embodying Michelangelo’s work and found his niche in art by studying his predecessor’s realism. Michelangelo isRead MoreThe Contributions Of The Romantic Era And Romanticism1107 Words   |  5 PagesAge of Reason, also known as the Enlightenment, took place during the 18th centu ry, which was a time for philosophers to thrive. They sought out the truth behind our everyday lives, to figure out how they shaped our society. 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Also, Immanuel Kant, â€Å"who referred to Sapere aude! (Dare to know!) as the motto of the Enlightenment, ended up criticizing the Enlightenment confidence on the power of reason. Romanticism, with its emphasis upon imagination, spontaneity, and passion, emerged also as a reaction against the dry intellectualism of rationalists.†15 The Enlightenment profoundly influenced the world of art giving the medium a specific mainstream culture

Johann Kilian and the Wends the Foundation of Lutheranism in Texas Free Essays

string(84) " son of Wendish farmers in Upper Lusatia, Johann Kilian was born on March 22, 1811\." Through this course (LCMS History) and others, I have heard the story of German Lutherans who left Europe and settled near Saint Louis, Missouri, under the leadership of Martin Stephan and (soon thereafter) C. F. W. We will write a custom essay sample on Johann Kilian and the Wends: the Foundation of Lutheranism in Texas or any similar topic only for you Order Now Walther. This story seems quite familiar to many of my seminary classmates who originate from the Midwest and nearby regions. As a nearly lifelong resident of Texas, I had never before heard much of that story. The Lutherans in my communities generally have a different history – one involving a people group known as the Wends. These histories have merged at some point between their beginnings and the present; both communities are currently at home in the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod and share in fellowship and confession. Naturally several questions arise for further investigation. Who are the Wendish people? Who led them to America? Why did they come to America? What is their religious history? How did they integrate with the Missouri Synod? Why are they a valuable people group in our church body? Answering each of these essential questions necessitates a fairly broad scope, though certainly a coherent inspection. To address the topics at hand, I will present first a brief overview of the European climate during the time that the Wends left Germany as well as an account of their migration. Second, I will offer a concise biography of Johann Kilian, the early leader of the Texan Wendish community. Third, I will describe historically significant moments of interaction between the Lutheran Wends and the LCMS (and its predecessors and associated church bodies) and illustrate how these events contributed to the Wendish assimilation into the LCMS. Each of these components serves the purpose of presenting the Wendish community as a significant component of American Lutheranism, and one with an enduring impact on the LCMS church body. The necessary information is gathered mostly through printed and published texts on the subject at hand. It is also shaped by personal memory of this topic through experiences with members of the Wendish community as well as its associated institutions. Content in support of my purpose is present in these following paragraphs. European Pressures and the Wendish Migration In the early 19th century, the Wends were culturally and politically suppressed by their dominant political leaders. The land of the Wendish people, Lusatia, was intentionally divided between Saxon and Prussian rule. This virtually eliminated any possibility for national independence; the Wendish language became increasingly distinct between the nationalities (Caldwell1961). Also, they were economically dependent on German landholders and had little opportunity for social success. Those who sought better standards of living left their farmland for cities such as Bautzen and generally assimilated into the German culture in the process. A very small group of the Wends was training for the clergy in Prague and in Leipzig; as these students encountered political theories and topics of higher education they developed into the intelligentsia of the Wendish community. These educated people served as the leadership that the Wends needed to rise out of their lowly confinement (Grider 1982). Religious difficulties also characterized this time period. The Wends experienced great pressure to participate in Prussian Unionism, instituted by the Calvinist-leaning King of Prussia, Frederick William III (Nielsen 1989). Since the time of the Reformation, the majority of the Wendish people had been Protestants. This switch to Lutheranism distinguished the Wends religiously from the mainly Catholic Czechs and Poles with whom they shared many cultural and linguistic similarities (Grider 1982). As a people they were very interested in maintaining a definite and self-defined identity, distinct from surrounding people groups. This mandate of Prussian Unionism was an affront to this endeavor. Many spoke against this offensive consolidation, including Johann Kilian who was at that time a young student of theology at the University of Leipzig. In this context of religious pressure, a group of deeply conservative Wends began worshipping together in a private house-church. By 1845 they had established a small congregation with a building devoted as their worship space. After nine more years enduring religious antagonism, a core group of lay leaders drafted, in 1854, a constitution to govern the migration of the whole congregation to a new land with religious freedom. At this time, the congregation issued a call to Kilian, requesting that he shepherd them on their journey and minister to them in their future situation (Grider 1982). Kilian, eager to employ his missionary education, accepted their call. Additionally â€Å"agricultural disasters† during the mid-1800s spurred the Wends into discussions of leaving Germany/Prussia and seeking a new land for a new opportunity. Some impoverished German farmers, with whom the Wends were amiable, had already immigrated to America and Australia. Their joyous letters to the homeland were published by the German press and encouraged these hopeful Wendish immigrants. Of the Wends immigrating to Texas, the â€Å"first trickle of Wendish adventurers† (Grider 1982) arrived around 1850. A group of 35 set sail for America in 1853 but wrecked off the shore of Cuba. While stranded on the island, many learned how to roll cigars to supplement their income during their stranded time. Eventually compassionate German organizations in Havana, Cuba, and New Orleans funded and arranged for their transport to Galveston. One year after this small group’s arrival in Galveston, the â€Å"highly educated and forceful† (Grider 1982) Pastor Johann Kilian led a boatload of 600 of his congregants, pious and devout Wendish Lutherans, from Germany to Galveston. They made their voyage on the Ben Nevis, still considered within the Texan Wendish community as a counterpart of the English Pilgrims’ Mayflower (Grider 1982). Kilian was the only professional, educated man in the congregation; all the others were farmers and craftsmen. Yet the people possessed between them an adequate variety of skills to guarantee a self-sufficient colony. This group established the town of Serbin, which continues to be a place of cultural influence in central Texas. The Life of Johann Kilian The only son of Wendish farmers in Upper Lusatia, Johann Kilian was born on March 22, 1811. You read "Johann Kilian and the Wends: the Foundation of Lutheranism in Texas" in category "Papers" Two years later his mother, Maria Kilian nee Mattig, and his infant sister died. His grandmother helped to care for him for the next three years at which time his father, Peter Kilian, remarried. Soon thereafter his grandmother died. In 1821, while Kilian was ten years old, his father also died. Following the death of his parents, he inherited enough money to fund his education at the gymnasium (high school) in the chief Wendish city of Beutzen (Caldwell 1961). Johann found himself under the care of his uncle who leased the child’s inherited property and used the income to support the boy’s schooling. One can only imagine what sort of psychological impact these deaths must have had on young Kilian. According to Nielsen (2003), â€Å"nothing in his writings indicate any anxiety during these early years. † It is likely that during his youth with his extended family he began to learn about Christian living and developed a deep hope in the resurrection promise. Kilian spent more than four years at the Gymnasium in Beutzen. There he was educated in Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, and German; Wendish was only used in private and in his earlier years in grade school. Kilian and some of his classmates organized a Wendish club on campus to facilitate informal conversation in their mother tongue (Nielsen 2003). He was quite successful in Beutzen and soon enrolled at the University of Leipzig to study theology, where he once again encountered a Wendish circle. This organization propagated a rising attitude of Wendish nationalism, especially in contrast with German culture. Rather than associating with this divisive group, Kilian joined a German club whose central goal was â€Å"the preservation of pure Lutheran teaching† (Nielsen 2003). This decision seems to have been more of a growing attraction toward orthodox Lutheranism than a rejection of Wendish culture. It also seems that in this association He was taking a stand in contrast to the majority of the faculty of Leipzig who were heavily influenced by rationalism at the time. In 1835, Kilian obtained his license to preach and was assigned to an assisting position at Hochkirch, a large parish which included several surrounding viliages. The following year, he travelled to Switzerland and attended a small mission school in Basel, remembering his childhood vow to become a foreign missionary. Back in eastern Germany, his uncle (different from the one who had helped to raise him as a child) was the pastor of a Lutheran church in Kotitz; he died while Killian was away at school. Then in 1837 Kilian returned to Kotitz and received his full ordination. This enabled him to assume the senior pastorate there (Nielsen 2003). Most of the Wends in his congregation could not understand German, so Kilian undertook several translation projects for the benefit of his flock. He published a book containing twenty eight hymns in Wendish; some were translations of German hymns and a few were his original pieces. These musical arrangments were very well received by both his own congregation and numerous other Lutheran Wendish assemblies. He continued to translate many German songs and eventually produced more than one hundred of his own hymns (Nielsen 2003). These hymns emphasize the centrality of Jesus in Christian living and often contain declarations of profound hope. Several of his songs and poems are contained in a collection edited by David Zersen (2010). Included, here, is one verse from Kilian’s hymn, â€Å"Blessed Land†: Jesus leads his saints on earth: Witnesses are we! Sadness, trials, suffering? Faithful we will be! Christ is our life. There’s a kingdom waiting there; No more sorrow, no more care. Christ is our life. In addition to his musical translation efforts, Kilian translated the Lutheran Confessions into Wendish. He began with Luther’s Small Catechism in the late 1840s and finished the remainder of the confessions in 1854. Other prominent Wendish intellectuals frequently frowned upon his efforts, insisting that importing German religious thinking would contaminate the Wendish culture. They preferred to advance hopeful nationalism for the Wends and showed little priority for proper doctrinal adherence. Kilian disagreed with their attitude and continued â€Å"translating religious works into the mother tongue to enrich the language and simultaneously nourish religious life† (Nielsen 2003). These exercises in translation eventually led to a reasonable popularity for Kilian, especially among likeminded Wendish Lutherans. One such congregation of people at Weigersdorf was becoming increasingly troubled by the pressures of Prussian Unionism. In 1844 they issued a call to Kilian with hopes that he would agree to lead them in their migration away from their oppressive setting. Kilian accepted the call on two conditions. He required that the congregation would pledge faithfulness to pure Lutheran doctrine and also that the congregation acquire an immigration permit from the appropriate Prussian authorities. (Nielsen 2003). Kilian over the next several years served this as well as other parishes (especially one in Klitten) which shared in the Lutheran confession. During that time, he married Maria Groschel, with whom he had four children while they remained in Europe – only one of which survived into maturity (Nielsen 2003). Religious pressures continued to build until in 1854, a group of 600 Wendish Lutherans (under Kilian’s shepherding) began the process of relocating to Texas. While Kilian is often credited with leadership of this venture, such wording is misleading at best. He did not object to the exodus from Europe, but the instigation of the process was from the laypeople. Kilian’s role was to accompany them as their pastor (Nielsen 2003). The journey was characterized by illness, danger, and loss of life. Kilian was heavily relied upon for his pastoral care at several points on the journey. In one instance while at sea, several people were suffering from sea-sickness below the deck. The captain of the Ben Nevis (the ship that carried them across the Atlantic) instructed that the migrants come up for fresh air to improve their health. Some did not cooperate with the captain’s orders. Kilian gently persuaded those who remained below deck to come up. While this shows the authority the Wends saw in Kilian, it also caused resentment from some because he was exceeding his religious responsibilities. The voyagers eventually crossed the Atlantic and arrived at the port of Galveston. They then travelled to central Texas and established the colony of Serbin. For the next three decades, Kilian served the Texan Wends as their pastor and endeavored to connect them with likeminded believers in their new land (Nielsen 2003). Eventually he was able to forge a confessional relationship with the Missouri Lutherans and connect his people to a larger church body. After Kilian’s death on September 12, 1884, many tributes were written about him. These included a handful of lengthy pieces n Der Luteraner, the official periodical of the synod (Martens 2011). The Texan Road to Missouri â€Å"Religious isolation was not part of his tradition† (Nielsen 2003). In Texas, Kilian became a friend of Caspar Braun, a Lutheran who had already been in Texas for about five years. Braun had formed the Evangelical Lutheran Synod in Texas and served as its first president. While Kilian certainly en joyed his friendship with Braun, he was hesitant to join this Texas Synod because he considered that it shared too many similarities with the Prussian Union which he had left. He also lamented the lack of enriching liturgy in its churches (Nielsen 2003). Rather he became drawn to the German Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and Other States. Geography was certainly a hindrance to fellowship with this church body, he considered it far less of a barrier than theological incompatibility. In his effort to establish fellowship with the Missouri Synod, he wrote a letter introducing himself and the Wends to C. F. W. Walther, who was also born in 1811. Though Kilian and Walther did attend the University of Leipzig simultaneously in 1832, there is no indication in any of their correspondence that they knew each other before they were in America. Kilian had learned of Walther chiefly through his writings. He owned a copy of Walther’s Stimme der Kirche in der Frage von Kirche und Amt. Kilian agreed with Walther’s position on church polity which â€Å"empowered the voters’ assembly as the supreme authority and diminished the power of the ecclesiastical leaders† (Nielsen 2003). His congregation joined the Missouri Synod in 1866 with Kilian as the first Missouri Synod pastor in the state of Texas. Under Kilian’s pastoral leadership, the Wends became fervent supporters of synodical education and eventually began to issue calls to American-trained pastors. By 1877 nearly a dozen pastors were serving Missouri Synod congregations in Texas and the group gained recognition as the Texas Conference of the Western District. Only a couple years later, the Southern District was organized, ranging from El Paso, Texas, to San Augustine, Florida. Then in 1903, the Texas District of the LCMS was formed; it contained 23 congregations, nearly 40 pastors, and 11 school teachers. Concluding Remarks The Texas District of the LCMS owes its genesis to the migration of the Wends and the pastoral leadership of Johann Kilian. It is now one of the largest districts in the LCMS and has produced more synodical presidents (Behnken, Harms, and Kieschnick) than any other district. The Wendish culture and religious experiences have shaped and continue to shape the theological thinking of Texas Lutherans. It is especially for these reasons that the Wends are a valuable people group in the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod. How to cite Johann Kilian and the Wends: the Foundation of Lutheranism in Texas, Papers

Health Care Management Defining A Project †Free Sample

Question: One of your employees is confused about what is a project and what is a new process/procedure. She has given you a list of changes going on at your facility and asked you to help her understand. Review the situations describe in the Table below. Indicate whether each situation meets the definition of a project or not. Explain to her why it is or is not a project. Scenario Project Why? Yes No The Assistant Director is ordering the annual supply of medical record folders. He is taking bids from vendors to get the best price. You are developing a new PI program. Data will be abstracted into an information system with reports being generated monthly. You are converting your filing system from alphabetic to terminal digit. You are installing new cubicles in the HIM department. The state is updating its electronic birth certification software. It will be rolling out to all of the hospitals over the next 6 months. The Information Management plan is being revised. The HIM Special Projects Coordinator has been given sole responsibility for the revision. You are developing new productivity standards for your HIM functions. Your Joint Commission survey is schedules sometime around the end of the year. You have a lot of work to ensure that everything is in place. The annual coding update has been sent to you for installation. The monthly employee newsletter is being written for release next week. Answer: 1st Scenario: yes This is a project because it can only be possible for a professional to manage the annual supply of medical record folders. If it seems to be conducted by the others it may create severe problems and may let the program a mess. This is why the decision taken by the Assistant Director to hire the professionals is significant. 2nd Scenario: yes This is of course a project because developing a PI program needs proper manifestation of the information cubicles. Connecting database and receiving the data generated in a month basis needed to be properly programmed. It can only be possible for a professional to manage these things. So this is a project. 3rd Scenario: yes Converting the filing system from alphabetic to terminal digit can barely be conducted by a layman. An efficient person in capable of conducting this task. Although it is a project but barely meets the critical ethics of a project. 4th Scenario: no Installing the cubicles although appears to be a huge task which needs proper supervisory, however, it is not sophisticated enough to be called a project (Khozouei, 2012). This is because, a project has to be time worthy and proper pre planning is needed to be conducted. But in order to install cubicles no sophisticated planning is required. 5th Scenario: yes This is undoubtedly a project. Chalking out of the planning and strategies are literally essential to analyze organizing of this approach. Maintaining of proper database and data warehouse system, proper monitoring after the installation is, therefore necessary. Technical expertise is also necessary approach needed to be applied in this scenario. 6th Scenario: no This approach is not a project. In order to revise the planning of information management, proper observation ethics are needed to be maintained. At the same time, which one is needed to be included and which one is not is to be identified. It does not need any proper planning. Therefore, this cannot be identified as a project. 7th Scenario: yes In order to develop the productivity standards the observer is needed to identify what can be the shortcomings that may affect the process of development (McCuen, Sayles Schnering, 2008). At the same time being new productivity approach proper planning, execution and monitoring is needed. Therefore, it is a project. 8th Scenario: no This is not a project rather monitoring of the ongoing projects those are running at this time may meet to the utmost accomplishment. Having little time in hand, proper supervision is essential in this approach. Planning, however, may be strategized but, it is no project. 9th Scenario: no Installation of coding cannot be a project which helps in proper development of the project. Installation of the coding may be properly conducted which leads to attain more intensity. The installation program may be conducted by the common people as well. 10th Scenario: no This is no project because it is to be conducted in monthly basis. Like the other months it is being written which does not expect to be a significant approach of planning. At the same time no strategies and monitoring are needed as well. So it is not a project. Reference List: Khozouei, N. (2012). Trust and Security on Semantic HIM (Health Information Management).Intelligent Information Management,04(06), 401-406. doi:10.4236/iim.2012.46045 McCuen, C., Sayles, N. B., Schnering, P. (2008). Case Studies in Health Information Management. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning, p. 364.

Legalization Essays - Drug Policy Reform, , Term Papers

Legalization Legalization of marijuana has been a controversial issue in the U.S. for the past several years. The people vs. the federal government is just one of the main debates over legalization. In the past marijuana was required to be grown on most plantations in the southern region. It could be purchased in one ounce packages for only twenty five cents. Further down the time line we find that marijuana is increasingly being used in the inner cities and suburban areas. Marijuana was considers legal in the late 1800's but a bill was passed and marijuana was quickly considered to be illegal. The federal legislation prohibiting marijuana passed at the end of 1937 congressional session was virtually scare enacted. people feared the effects of it and wanted to stop the growth and importation of it. Congress passed the Marijuana Tax Act, which requires all persons who import, manufacture, produce, compound, sell, deal in, and dispense pay a graduated occupational tax. This tax was an attempt to make it harder for dealers of marijuana to make money off the export and import of marijuana. Attempts that he government has made to pass bills that decriminalize marijuana were shot down by legislature and the federal government. A survey taken says that although illegality should be maintained, the penalties for it should be lessened. There is a theory that marijuana stimulates violence, yet it has not been proven as a fact. In several states, such as New Jersey, the marijuana regulations and penalties have been lessened. Governor Cahill, from New Jersey, recommended that criminal penalties for a small 2 possession of marijuana should be reduced by making it a disorderly person offense. Dr. Tod Mikuriya, from the Indian Hemp drug commission, proposed a list of regulations for the control of marijuana if it were to become legal. It stated that possession without intent to sell shall not be considered to be a crime, all growers importers shall be regulated and watched over like a typical industry, public places where marijuana is sold for on premises use shall be licensed like any alcohol serving bar, and determination of the THC potency and purity shall be regulated by the U.S. Drug and Food Administration. Attempts to legalize have also been made by presidential issued commissions. A commission issued by president Nixon researched marijuana and reached a conclusion that it would be okay to decriminalize marijuana. This, was of course, quickly shot down by the president and the congress. Jimmy Carter, another president of the United States, also wanted to legals marijuana. In the present day there are groups such as, NORML (National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws) , that issue petitions and bills to the DEA and federal government that try to persuade the legalization of marijuana. NORML compared marijuana to alcohol and reached a conclusion that alcohol is more lethal than marijuana. Their studies have shown that prolonged use of marijuana causes lack of ingenuity severe bronchitis, and it lessens reaction speed. Alcohol has been named for hundreds of thousands of death in the United States. It causes liver disease, a severe mental and physical dependance, and depression. Marijuana is only 3 psychologically addictive and use of it can be stopped easier than alcohol abuse. Also no deaths have ever been recorded that were accused by the use of marijuana. Marijuana is considered to be a Scheduled I controlled substance. that means that it is considered to be a drug that can be easily abused. NORML has made attempts to get the DEA to reschedule marijuana, but they were rejected. If the opinions of major contributors to the illegal view of marijuana could be changed, marijuana might be legalized. Too many studies and too many federal officials tell us that it is wrong for our country to condone a so called life threatening drug. Legalization of marijuana could bring extra income to the country and also help in the decline of alcohol abusers. If legalization was to happen the united states would only prosper. Reefer Madness Atlantic Monthly; August 1994. Eric Schlosses; p. 45-63 Marijuana Crime and Delinquency Literature; June 1970. Linda Whitlock; p.363-382 Pot Law Experience The Washington Star; May 6, 1975 Lee Johnson; p.A1-A10 Marijuana Alert Peggy Man Copyright: 1985 p.261, 101, 444 International Drug Traffic Edward F. Dolan, Jr. Copyright 1985 p. 85-86

4 Strategies for Bouncing Back from Rejection

4 Strategies for Bouncing Back from Rejection Rejection sucks. I am still sad about my unsuccessful audition to sing the National Anthem at a Mets game, and that cattle call try-out was four years ago! Fortunately, it didnt dissuade me from pursuing a professional music career; being a music major did that much earlier. But when it comes to applying and interviewing for office jobs, its been much more important for me to weather the blow to my ego and keep moving forward.Here are some tips to help you be more resilient as you wade into the unforgiving waters of the job market.1. Know the OddsEvery corporate job may receive anywhere from 100 to 250 applications, and possibly more if its an in-demand position or industry. When The Toast put out a call for a new editorial assistant, they received 750 applications in 12 hours. Big companies use filtering software to look for keywords; smaller ones uses HR managers with quick instincts for a good fit vs a poor one. So remember that while your odds are just one in many.Manage your exp ectations up front, and youll find the disappointment is proportionally much less than when you imagine you have been personally rejected (instead of ruled out through arbitrary classifications like not using synergy enough in your cover letter) (I am kidding. Never use synergy.)2. Dont Fall In LoveWhile initially this may seem as harsh as dont cry out loud, it follows the theme of managing expectations. Even if this is your dream job or you received an immediate response from the hiring manager after you submitted your application, or the interview felt like walking into the Cheers bar and you were Norm, dont start imagining yourself getting comfortable in a future hypothetical office- keep a cool head. Youll need it when its time to talk salary and benefits.3. Ask for FeedbackThis one can be dicey, because often recruiters or hiring managers wont have time to provide this. But if you had a good interview that didnt pan out into a job, you can feel comfortable responding to a rejec tion email with a polite thank you (for their time) and then asking for feedback on your candidacy or why they chose someone else.The graciousness of this step cannot be exaggerated- this semester, I interviewed for a teaching job but was told that class had been filled, only to have the department director email me again two days later to say a different (better!) class had opened up. If I had replied to the initial rejection with anything but, Thanks so much for the opportunity, I hope youll keep me in mind for future classes and I look forward to the chance to work together in the future, I might not have received the later offer.4. You Dont Get the Job, the Job Gets YouMy favorite way to make this mental flip is to think about the office culture in existence. Imagine that youre a current employee faced with the prospect of a new hire like yourself. What do you bring to the table, besides your experience? You want to work in a place that appreciates all of those things- for the r ight job, you will be the candidate with the best experience, best attitude, and brightest potential. If they dont think youre that person, why would you want to work there anyway.

One Vote Can Make a Difference - What Are the Odds

One Vote Can Make a Difference - What Are the Odds The odds that one vote can make a difference in an election are almost nil, worse than the odds of winning Powerball. But that doesnt mean its impossible that one vote can make a difference. Its actually happened. There have been cases in which one vote decided the election. Odds That One Vote Can Make a Difference Economists Casey B. Mulligan and Charles G. Hunter found in a 2001 study that only one of every 100,000 votes cast in federal elections, and one of every 15,000 votes cast in state legislative elections, â€Å"mattered in the sense that they were cast for a candidate that officially tied or won by one vote.† Their study of 16,577 national elections from 1898 through 1992 found that only one had been decided by a single vote. It was the 1910 election in New York’s 36th Congressional District, won by a Democrat who claimed 20,685 votes to the Republican candidate’s 20,684. Of those elections, the median margin of victory was 22 percentage points and 18,021 actual votes. Mulligan and Hunter also analyzed 40,036 state legislative elections from 1968 through 1989 and found only seven that had been decided by a single vote. Of those elections, the median margin of victory was 25 percentage points and 3,257 actual votes. In other words, the chance that your vote will be the decisive or pivotal one in a national election is almost zilch. The same goes for state legislative elections. Chances That One Vote Can Make a Difference in a Presidential Race   Researchers Andrew Gelman, Gary King, and John Boscardin estimated the chances that a single vote would decide a U.S. presidential election to be 1 in 10 million at best and less than 1 in 100 million at worst. Their work, titled Estimating the Probability of Events That Have Never Occurred: When Is Your Vote Decisive? appeared in 1998 in the Journal of the American Statistical Association.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Given the size of the electorate, an election where one vote is decisive (equivalent to a tie in your state and in the electoral college) will almost certainly never occur,† Gelman, King and Boscardin wrote. Still, the odds of your one vote deciding a presidential election are still better than your odds of matching all six numbers of Powerball, which are smaller than 1 in 175 million. What Really Happens in Close Elections So what happens if an election really is decided by a single vote, or is at least pretty close? It’s taken out of the electorate’s hands. Stephen J. Dubner and Steven D. Levitt, who wrote Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything, pointed out in a 2005 column in The New York Times that extremely close elections are often settled not at the ballot box but in courtrooms. Consider President George W. Bush’s narrow victory in 2000 over Democrat Al Gore, which ended up being decided by the U.S. Supreme Court. â€Å"It is true that the outcome of that election came down to a handful of voters; but their names were Kennedy, OConnor, Rehnquist, Scalia, and Thomas. And it was only the votes they cast while wearing their robes that mattered, not the ones they may have cast in their home precincts,† Dubner and Levitt wrote. When One Vote Really Did Make a Difference The races won by a single vote, in addition to the new 1910 Congressional election in New York, according to Mulligan and Hunter, were: A 1978 race for Rhode Island state Senate was tied at 4,110 votes, and decided by a second runoff election. So was a 1980 race for New Mexico state House, at 2,327 votes for each candidate.A 1982 state House election in Maine in which the victor won 1,387 votes to the loser’s 1,386 votes.A 1982 state Senate race in Massachusetts in which the victor won 5,352 votes to the loser’s 5,351; a subsequent recount late found wider margin.A 1980 state House race in Utah in which the victor won 1,931 votes to the loser’s 1,930 votes.A 1978 state Senate race in North Dakota in which the victor won 2,459 votes to the loser’s 2,458 votes; a subsequent recount found the margin to be six votes.A 1970 state House race in Rhode Island in which the victor won 1,760 votes to the loser’s 1,759.A 1970 state House race in Missouri in which the victor won 4,819 votes to the loser’s 4,818 votes.And a 1968 state House race in Wisconsin in which the victor won 6,522 v otes to the loser’s 6,521 votes; a subsequent recount found the margin to be two votes, not one.

Pilot shortage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pilot shortage - Research Paper Example The United States needs to make major changes in the airline industry and pilot certification programs now, to protect the industry from the devastating effects of this shortage, and to ensure the continued stability of airline travel both nationally, and internationally for years to come. A pilot, also known as an aviator, is the person in control of an aircraft during flight. In terms of the safety of the flight, pilots are the most vital single component, because they are responsible for the aircraft during travel. According to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) commercial aircraft are required to have two pilots in the cockpit during Air Carrier operations, and to ensure there is someone who can take control during an emergency. For the last decades, the shortage of people entering the field of aviation has been growing, creating a notable shortage of pilots. There are a number of reasons that there are not enough pilots to currently meet America’s need for air travel including: increased rate of pilot retirement, decreased qualified individuals entering the field of aviation, increased restrictions and requirements, and increased demand for air travel services. As a result, the pilot shortage has been a growing problem in United States aviation industry, and if not solved carefully, it is a deficit that could lead to many serious problems. However, with efforts from all parts of aviation industry, pilot shortage is not a no-solution problem. A pilot shortage is the inadequacy or insufficiency of people qualified to actively and directly operate the â€Å"directional flight controls of an aircraft while it is in flight† (Wikipedia, 2015). Culturally, it refers to a situation where America currently, or any country, has very few aviators currently employed, creating a situation where there are not enough

Personal art statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art - Personal Statement Example As time passed by, I realized that my work is the only means for me to contribute to the society I live in and I came to wonder what my work could do for people and how it could make their lives better. Whereas helping people as an artist is a great thing, it was not enough to meet my purpose of life. I have often wondered about the gap between art and real life, and I wish to make the lives of the people better through art. Art and Interior design are closely related and the latter helps me in bridging the gap between art and real life. In other words, my artistic life as an interior designer can help me accomplish my dream to make the lives of the people better. Thus, I have chosen the study of Interior design, because I believe that I can help people as an interior designer. Interior design is closely connected with fine art and I am greatly excited to learn it. In fact, learning interior design gives me more pleasure and satisfaction than that of fine art. However, I greatly believe that my fine art background helps me to be more creative and successful in interior design. My great interest in drawing has helped me in developing a positive mental framework towards interior design. Like most other kids, I used to draw and paint during my childhood.

Photography Essay Example for Free

Photography Essay The purpose of photography is to present to the viewer a view of the world that is not normally seen. With the advent of fashion photography however, the view of this world is skewered. Fashion models do not present a true reality but a made-up world in which being too thin is regarded as high fashion. With works such as Lachapelle the use of morphing reality and creating one’s own reality is more and more kosher in the world of high fashion. It is with the re-evaluation of beauty that fashion photography has enchanted and changed the world. This surmise can be discovered in the way women and men dress, in their progression of outfits, daily work clothes, celebratory clothes and all of this reflected in the economic up rise of the consumers desire to be in fashion for the season. LaChapelle explores and exploits this need through his photography and although not always paying attention to the status quo on what fashion photography is, he presents his viewers with his own perspective on beauty through fashion. The topic of fashion has always held my interest, especially fashion photography. The way in which the photographer can create different realms of existence through different angles, colored lenses, and outfits has been a great intrigue of my interest in art. My favorite photographer is David LaChapelle which is why I choose him for the research and analysis part of this project. The way that he does fashion photography is a reinvention of it. He does not just accomplish what no one else can accomplish in photography but he also puts humor into his pieces as will be explained later. He makes fun of fashion, or the extremes which people put on fashion by creating a world through photography in which his eloquence matches this humor as can be seen in his Shoes to Die For photograph. Thus, he is a photographer I admire because he does not take himself too seriously. Introduction Fashion photography is about portability and malleability. A model can be incorporated into a fantastical environment for which only the word surreal can be used to define. In modern day photography there is a myriad of photographers each striving for a new lens, a new way in which to portray a fantastic image. In the history of fashion, nothing is so transcendental than photography. The image in fashion has been primarily focused on the model and how well the model sells the clothes; it is in the photograph that mutation over the decades has skyrocketed into a true art form. Fashion photography does not succumb to the norms of portraiture that Daguerre made famous but to focal points of beauty in landscape, cityscape and how well assembled the model appears in those scenes. Body Media With the issue of thinness, the disease anorexia is conjured up; since the advocating of the media towards a thinner woman’s body, disorders such as anorexia and bulimia have become predominant among women and men. In the Western culture this rising phenomenon has become a central fact for overly conscious people who focus on their appearance, as Dittmar and Howard state, â€Å"†¦they learn to see themselves as objects to be looked at and evaluated by appearance. This pressure is constantly reinforced by a strong cultural ideal of female beauty, and that ideal has become synonymous with thinness† (477-478). With this notion in the forefront of the paper other issues such as model size as they are propagated through the media become a rising concern. Dittmar and Howard go on to state that roughly 20% of models in the fashion industry are underweight which in term clinically diagnosis them with the condition of anorexia nervosa. These conditions give further rise to other women’s problems. Since the cultural idea of thinness as perpetuated by the media and the fashion industry is to have increasingly thin body types, the average woman or man tries dieting and exercising to keep up with the ‘standard’. When the average woman or man finds that they are still not ‘normal’ according to the cultural guidelines of the word, they begin to be dissatisfied with their bodies which leads to low self-esteem, â€Å"Thus it stands to reason that women are likely to experience body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem and even eating disorders if they internalize and strive for a beauty ideal that is stringently thin and essentially unattainable† (478). The mass media is the continual hindrance to a healthy body image for Americans. The media is a social influence that reinforces these ideals through repetition and product placement. The media is a visual stimulation letting the American public voyeuristically fantasize about ultra thin models and having a body (sometimes these bodies are digitally re-mastered) that provides relative pleasure in shape. Dittmar and Howard’s article highlights one such concern with the UK government in which they held a conference in June 2000 to discuss this issue of thinness and the media and to in essence debate about banning the use of these too thin models as media advertisement since the image essentially gave permission to the public to suffer and toil over gaining a great body, no matter the public acquired anorexia nervosa or other clinical conditions. The detriment of this fact, the fact that thinness is amounting to such problems as anorexia nervosa raise many social and cultural issues. The cultural issue may best be summarized in Dittmar and Howard’s article as they quote Naomi Campbell and Claudia Schiffer, both spokespersons for top models, â€Å"†¦(s)tatistics have repeatedly shown that if you stick a beautiful skinny girl on the cover of a magazine you sell more copies†¦Agencies would say that we supply the women and the advertisers, our clients, want. The clients would say that hey are selling a product and responding to consumer demand. At the end of the day, it is a business and the fact is that these models sell the products† (478). Thus, the opposite side of the spectrum is arguing that businesses or model clients are merely representing something that already exists within the cultural dynamic. The argument is that thin models represent what people want to see and so the products the model’s are advertising sell more copies. The clients of the modeling agencies are merely tied into the vicious cycle of believing what they want to believe. Although this point seems somewhat valid, the validation stops when such perpetuating leads to serious illnesses (in some cases anorexia or bulimia have lead to death). It can plainly be deciphered from the above text that body image is created by the media, as Guttman quotes in her article â€Å"Advertising, My Mirror† in an interview with Christian Blachas, â€Å"That image comes to us from the fashion world. People like to say advertising starts trends like the recent wave of ‘fashion pornography. ’ But this came straight from designers and fashion journalists. The job of advertising is to pick up on trends. It’s rarely subversive because brands don’t gain anything from shocking people too much. Advertising’s a remarkable mirror, but it doesn’t start fads† (25). Consequently, Blachas is stating that if fault is to be placed anywhere for the over correction of dieting, then the blame is not on the fashion industry but on advertisers who are the ones who pick up trends and allow these trends to filter down to every consumer; thus, while 20% of models are diagnosed as too ‘thin’ this relevant percentage can be related to the American public. Since the blame seems to be resting with the advertisers, another close look at the media needs to be given. The media perpetuates fads and other culturally influential eras, but this seems to have heightened within the past few decades. The bombardment the public receives from the media and especially from the advertising end of the media is seen not only in commercials but in product placement in music videos, and movies. Magazines also aid in distributing the advertisements’ ideals as can be seen in repeated simulation on television soap operas, just as much as from fashion magazines, as Hargreaves and Tiggemann state in â€Å"Longer term implications of responsiveness to ‘thin-ideal’: support for a cumulative hypothesis of body image disturbance? , â€Å"Although this evidence appears to support the media’s negative impact on body image, various methodological limitations need to be acknowledged. In particular, the causal direction of correlations between body dissatisfaction and media use remains a challenge. The causal direction is clear in controlled laboratory research†¦One possible link between individual reactive episodes of dissatisfaction in response to specific media images and the development of body image is that enduring attitudes, beliefs, and feelings about bodies and appearances accumulate over time through repeated exposure to ideals of attractiveness in the media† (466). Thus, the level of insecurity is maintained in the public through the barrage of repeated body images through advertisements. In the composition of photography there are many elements which define the medium; line, color, focus, brightness, scenery, shadow, etc. The evolution of fashion photography hinged upon the mass reproduction of images in magazines. In Germany, in the early 20th century, fashion became fully popular and available to the populace through Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung and Munchner Illustrierte Presse . It is in the magazine world that fashion photography began it’s popularity . As soon as fashion hit a mainstream cord with the public, magazines sales soared and thus was born the beginning of the history of fashion photography. There was great demand for magazines; especially fashion. Women and men would see what to wear, how to wear to it, what was in style and the modern world finally had the leisure to pursue the market of clothes as fashion. With this demand installed in the public, it was up to the photographers of the early fashion industry to come up with new ways in which to depict the model, the clothes and entice women and men to dress according to what was portrayed in the photos. This is where composition of the photo is required to ensure new and deliberate methods of fashion portrayal. With the oncoming age of color introduced in photography in the 1930’s and 1940’s as the encyclopedia elaborates, â€Å"Nonetheless, color remained a sidelight in photography until the 1930s because it required considerable patience and expense on the part of both photographer and printer. The dominance of color in terms of reproduction and everyday picture-taking did not begin until 1935, when Kodak started to sell Kodachrome transparency film, and was completed by the introduction of color-print films and Ektachrome films in the 1940s†. With color photography, the realm of the fashion world drastically changed. The limits of black and white and sepia toned magazine covers gave way to brilliant exhibits of color combinations, and a wide range of fabrics that women and men could now see, duplicate, or buy. Fashion photography changed from depicting high-class society women to models in every day clothing. Professional photographers were then counted on to resonant the possibility of how fashion should co-exist with society. With Vogue and Harper’s Bazaar photographers were hired full time to create, in the magazine, a gallery of fabric eye candy dressed on a model with a backdrop. June 1, 1947 Vogue cover. The most notable photographers at the time were pictorialists , Edward Steichen and Englishman Cecil Beaton. The incorporation of art into photography made the photographs more believable as high fashion. Steichen and Beaton glamorized the models with enhanced lighting effects, which lionized the models and made the magazine world believe that fashion through photography was otherworldly. Among new techniques being used, the online encyclopedia states, â€Å"American Edward Steichen and Englishman Cecil Beaton, both one-time pictorialists. These photographers began to use elaborate lighting schemes to achieve the same sort of glamorizing effects being perfected by Clarence Bull as he photographed new starlets in Hollywood, California. Martin Munkacsi initiated a fresh look in fashion photography after Harper’s Bazaar hired him in 1934. He moved the models outdoors, where he photographed them as active, energetic modern women†. So began the movement of high fashion. Martin Munkacsi photograph. In the movement, the use of fashion as advertisement was key in developing a market for fashion photography. It is through marketing advertising, that fashion photographers began to be highlighted, as the encyclopedia states, â€Å"The new approach to photography in the editorial content of magazines was matched by an increasingly sophisticated use of photography in advertisements. Steichen, while also working for Vogue and Vanity Fair magazines, became one of the highest-paid photographers of the 1930s through his work for the J. Walter Thompson advertising agency†. These photographers, as well as others, helped to make advertising an art form through use of portraying model’s hands in product placement, and altogether catering to ever-widening audience of magazine buyers. Fashion photography changed through the utilization and realization that product sold only through its modeling and photographic depiction.

Vocabulary Definitions: Chapter 10 Review (psych) :: essays research papers

1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Intelligence Quotient - Intelligences quotient is an index of intelligence once calculated by dividing one's tested mental age by one's chronological age and multiplying by 100. Today, IQ is a number that reflects the degree to which a person's score on an intelligence test deviates from the average score of others in his of her age group. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Verbal Scale - Verbal scale is six subtests in the Wechsler scales that measure verbal skills as part of a measure of overall intelligence. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Performance Scale - Performance scale is five subtests in the Wechsler scales that include tasks that require spatial ability and the ability to manipulate materials; these subtests provide a performance IQ. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aptitude Test - Aptitude tests are tests designed to measure a person's capacity to learn certain things or perform certain tasks. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Achievement Test - Achievement tests are measures of what a person has accomplished or learned in a particular area. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Norms - Norms are 1. a description of the frequency at which a particular score occurs, which allows scores to be compared statistically. and 2. a learned, socially based rule that prescribes what people should or should not do in various situations. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reliability - Reliability is the degree to which a test can be repeated with the same results. Tests with high reliability yield scores that are less susceptible to insignificant or random changes in the test taker or the testing environment. 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Validity - Validity is the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure. 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Factor Analysis - Factor analysis is a statistical technique that involves computing correlations between large numbers of variables. Factor analysis is commonly used in the study of intelligence and intelligence tests. 10.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fluid Intelligence - Fluid intelligence is the basic power of reasoning and problem solving. Fluid produces induction, deduction, reasoning, and understanding of relationships between different ideas. 11.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Crystallized Intelligence - Crystallized intelligence is the specific knowledge gained as a result of applying fluid intelligence. It produces verbal comprehension and skill at manipulating numbers. 12.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Information Processing Approach - Information processing approach is an approach to the study of intelligence that focuses on mental operations, such as attention and memory that underlie intelligent behavior. 13.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Triarchical Theory of Intelligence - Triarchical theory of intelligence is a theory proposed by Robert Sternberg that sees intelligence as involving analytical, creative, and practical dimensions. 14.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Multiple Intelligences - Multiple intelligences are Howard Gardner's theory that people are possessed of eight semi-independent kinds of intelligence, only three of which are measured by standard IQ tests.

Ethical Interpersonal Communication Essay

Ethics refers to standards of conduct, standards that indicate how one should behave based on moral duties and virtues, which themselves are derived from principles of right and wrong. The major determinant of whether communications are ethical or unethical can be found in the notion of choice. The underlying assumption is that people have a right to make their own choices. Interpersonal communications are ethical to the extent that they facilitate a person’s freedom of choice by presenting that person with accurate information. Communications are unethical to the extent that they interfere with the individual’s freedom of choice by preventing the person from securing information relevant to the choices he or she will make. Unethical communications, therefore, are those that force a person to make choices he or she would not normally make or to decline to make choices he or she would normally make or both. The ethical communicator provides others with the kind of information that is helpful in making their own choices. You have the right to information about yourself that others possess and that influences the choices you will make. Thus, for example, you have the right to face your accusers, to know the witnesses who will be called to testify against you, to see your credit ratings, to see your medical records, and so on. At the same time that you have the right to information bearing on your own choices, you also have the obligation to reveal information that you possess that bears on the choices of your society. Thus, for example, you have an obligation to identify wrongdoing that you witness, to identify someone in a police line up, to notify the police of criminal activity, and Ethical Interpersonal Communication 3 to testify at a trial when you posses pertinent information. This information is essential for society to accomplish its purposes and to make its legitimate choices. Similarly, the information presented must be accurate; obviously, reasonable choices depend on accuracy of information. Doubtful information must be presented with qualifications, whether it concerns a crime that you witnessed or things you have heard about others. At the same time that you have these obligations to communicate information, you also have the right to remain silent; you have a right to privacy, to withhold information that has no bearing on the matter at hand. Thus, for example, a man or woman’s previous relationship history, sexual orientation, or religion us usually irrelevant to the person’s ability to function as a doctor or police officer, for example, and may thus be kept private in most job-related situations. If these issues become relevant say, the person is about to enter a new relationship then there may be an obligation to reveal previous relationships, sexual orientation, or religion, for example, to the new partner. In a court, of course, you have the right to refuse to incriminate yourself, to reveal information about yourself that could be used against you. But you do not have the right to refuse to reveal information about the criminal activities of others. In Canada, only lawyers and marriage partners are exempt from this general rule if the â€Å"criminal† was a client or spouse. In this ethic based on choice, however, there are a few qualifications that may restrict your freedom. The ethic assumes that persons are of an age and mental condition that allows free choice to be reasonably executed and that the choices they make do not prevent others from doing likewise. A child 5 or 6 years old may not be ready to make certain choices, so someone Ethical Interpersonal Communication 4 else (a parent or legal guardian) must make them. Some adults, for example people with advancing Alzheimer’s disease, need others to make certain decisions (legal or financial decisions) for them.

Causes of Variation

Variation is a result that leads to a difference or deviation (for example, structure, form, function) from the recognised norm or standard. It is a modification in structure, form or function in an organism, deviating from other organisms of the same species or group. There are two types of variation: interspecific variation and intraspecific variation. Interspecific variation is when one species differs from another like mammals differ from fish. These differences are explained through differing ancestries explained by the difference of genetics perhaps due to natural selection. However, intraspecific variation is when members of the same species differ from each other like how there are many different types of cats. This can be mainly explained through mutations.Variation is the result of two main factors: genetic differences and environmental influences. In most cases it is a combination of both factors. Additionally, in asexual reproduction, variety can only occur through mutati ons whereas off springs that have been produced sexually the variety will be more apparent due to the probabilities being higher due to more factors contributing to the cause of variation such as meiosis and fusion of gametes, as well as mutation.Genetic differences are due to the different genes that each individual organism possesses. The differences occur arise in living organisms and change from generation to generation. Genetic variation arises as a result of mutations, meiosis and fusion of gametes. Mutations are changes in DNA that result in the offspring containing different characteristics by the changing of quantity or structure of the DNA.The end result of the process of altering the DNA structure is a different amino acid sequence that leads to a formation of a different polypeptide, and hence a different protein, or no protein being produced at all. So, as proteins are responsible for the characteristics of an organism, it follows that changes to DNA are likely to alter an organisms characteristics. These sudden changes to genes and chromosomes may, or may not be passed onto the next generation.Genetic differences are also explained through meiosis. Meiosis is the process in which four daughter nuclei’s are produced, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It allows the offspring to adapt and survive in the changing world by allowing genetic variation through the independent segregation of homologous chromosomes due to the homologous pairs of chromosomes arranging in a new, random order. Also, the recombination of homologous chromosomes crossing over causes variation. Overall, meiosis mixes up the genetic material before it is passed into the gametes, all of which are therefore different.Lastly, genetic differences are also explained through the fusion of gametes. In sexual reproduction the offspring inherit some characteristics of each parents and are therefore different from both of them. Which gamete fuses with at fe rtilisation is a completely random process that emphasises the variation occurring in the offspring.On the other hand, environmental influences also have a massive input in variation. The environment influences the way in which the genes are expressed. The genes allow certain things to happen whereas the environment determines where each characteristic is utilised. For example, a plant may contain genes that allow it to grow tall however, it is the environment that allow this stage to progress so if the seed germinates for example, the plant will not be able to utilise it’s beneficial characteristics to the highest extent. Examples of environmental influences are: climatic conditions (such as rainfall, temperature and sunlight), soil conditions, food availability and pH.Overall, variation is caused due to a combination of environmental influences and genetic differences. However, it is hard to distinguish between the effects of environmental and genetic so is difficult to dra w conclusions about the causes of variation.

The eNotes Blog 5 Games to Encourage SummerReading

5 Games to Encourage SummerReading With the school year ending, getting students to sit down and read can be challenging- not to mention the dreaded  summer slide  the following autumn. But, with these 5 fun approaches, reading can become more engaging for students. And for those who are less reading-inclined, get them involved with other means of learning! 1. Play Reading Bingo Create a Bingo sheet with reading challenges. This can mean books with certain themes, poems of a certain length, or short stories/plays from a list. When school resumes, students who have completed a row, column, or diagonal on their Bingo sheet get a prize. Anyone who successfully completes a blackout (all squares completed) gets a prize. Here are some suggestions for your Bingo squares: Romance novels Pride and Prejudice, Romeo and Juliet, Jane Eyre Stories with a mystery A Jury of Her Peers, Dà ©sirà ©es Baby,The Black Cat Stories with a moral lesson A Christmas Carol, The Devil and Tom Walker, The Necklace Suspenseful stories Bernice Bobs Her Hair,  The Metamorphosis, The Tell-Tale Heart Poetry Goblin Market,  The Road Not Taken,  Spring 2. Have a Goodreads Competition If youre willing, have students friend you on Goodreads. The goal of the game is to read as many pages as you can all summer. Each milestone reached equals one prize (i.e., 100 pages, 500 pages). Give certificates to students who participate in the challenge. Have students mark their progress every Friday all summer Award medals (bronze, silver, gold) to students who reach certain benchmarks Give big prizes to those who out read the teacher! 3. Host a Movie Reading Challenge If you have a particularly friendly or opinionated class, this works really well. Use a list of books that have been adapted into movies. Some examples include  Black Beauty, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and  The Scarlet Letter. Students can watch the movie of their choice and read the book in any order they choose. Then ask them to respond to the following questions: How is the book different from the movie? Which one, in your opinion, was better? Set up a Google survey where students get to rank if they like the book or the movie more. The top movie can be watched in class with popcorn come autumn! This is not a school assignment- opinions can run free! 4. Create Lifelong Learners Students learn in different ways, and summer reading competitions can be difficult without differentiated instruction and alternative learning approaches. Instead of just emphasizing reading, tell them about other great educational opportunities. They’re all around us, especially during the summer. Those who like to listen to things can try podcasts, Shakespeare in the Park, plays, or TED Talks Those who are visual learners can read comics, visit an art museum, or watch documentaries 5. Have a Summer Reading Relay Have students create groups of 3-5 people. The goal is for each group to read the most books, collectively. These groups can decide whether they will each read different books or different chapters of the same books. Ideally, this will get students talking about what they’re reading to each other, encouraging social reading as a habit that will continue to grow. The group that reads the most books together wins a small prize. If the  class  collectively reaches a reading goal, the whole class gets a MEGA prize. To defend students from getting stuck with all of the group work, individuals who read the most books can also win a small prize. Remember that this is not an assignment! Depending on what each students is interested in, there are a variety of prize options that include (but aren’t limited to) the following: A free book Bookmarks Certificate, medal, etc. A pizza party for all the participants Independent reading/work day A bookstore gift card Do you like these ideas but dont like our examples? Check out our full collection of expert-annotated texts for a rich reading experience.

The Physician Hippocrates and Greek Medicine

The Physician Hippocrates and Greek Medicine Hippocrates, the father of medicine, may have lived from c. 460-377 B.C., a period covering the Age of Pericles and the Persian War. Like other details about Hippocrates, we really know very little beyond the fact that he is considered a great physician and was counted the greatest by the ancient Greeks. Born in Cos, site of an important temple of Asclepius, god of medicine, Hippocrates may have studied medicine with his father. He traveled around Greece training medical students that there are scientific reasons for ailments. Before him, medical conditions were attributed to divine intervention. Hippocrates maintained that all diseases have natural causes. He made diagnoses and prescribed simple treatments like diet, hygiene, and sleep. Hippocrates is the author of the saying Life is short, and the Art long (from his Aphorisms). The name Hippocrates is familiar because of the oath that doctors take (Hippocratic Oath) and a body of early medical treatises that are attributed to Hippocrates (Hippocratic corpus), which includes the Aphorisms. Hippocrates and Humoral Theory Quiz Hippocrates Medical Texts Hippocrates is on the list of Most Important People to Know in Ancient History. Also Known As: The Father of Medicine, the divine old man, Hippocrates of Cos Examples: Hippocrates of Cos isnt the mathematician Hippocrates of Chios. Go to Other Ancient / Classical History Glossary pages beginning with the letter a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | wxyz

Book of Exodus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Book of Exodus - Essay Example It showcases the defining element of the identity of the Israelites. Memories and histories of the past that were marked by escape and hardship, coupled with an encompassing covenant with Yahweh, contribute to understanding the political development that took place in this period. There is the theme of election in the social setting of Israelites. Firstly, the nation has been elected as the people of God. Secondly, the â€Å"sons of Israel† have been elected as God’s â€Å"first born sons†. This is seen in how leadership boils down to Jesus from Abraham and Shem. Jacob’s name changes to Israel; a condition that helps his family to hold leadership positions simply because the people believe they have been chosen by God (Dozenman 26). The element of election further narrows down to the descendants of David, from the line of Judah. Finally, through Jesus, leadership can be seen from the power wielded by Jesus. Apart from the divine power inheritance, the connection between history and political is one theme that has been intensively described in the Book of

The Shows Big Love and The Simpsons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Shows Big Love and The Simpsons - Essay Example Both shows: deal with relatively large families, although one show is about an extended family and one family is a nuclear family; have interpersonal relationship troubles, although one show’s interpersonal problems are more complicated than the other; and deal with people who have troubles, but one show is less easy for people to relate to than the other. Big Love and The Simpsons both deal with large families. However, Big Love is really more about a quite larger family than The Simpsons. In Big Love, Bill’s family is a fundamentalist Mormon family practicing polygamy, which means he has multiple marriages. The main characters of the show are Bill (the businessman who owns a chain of home improvement stores), and his three wives, Barb, Nicki, and Margene. The first episode was about their family’s struggle to live their polygamous way of life while keeping it a secret. The Simpson family is a nuclear family with bold traits. Each character is an icon by itself, but when they are together they form the iconic nuclear family. The key family members are the parents Homer and Marge and their three children Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. Big Love and The Simpsons, in their first show, both breach the topics of relationship troubles within the family. The difference is that the troubles described within Big Love are more serious in nature than the troubles in The Simpsons, which are rather petty problems. The first episode of Big Love focuses on Bill’s effort to find balance in the midst of having three wives while dealing with Nicki’s father, who wants a larger share of the store's profit. Meanwhile, in The Simpsons, Bart sneaks away and goes to get a tattoo saying â€Å"Mother.† However, while getting the tattoo, Marge—his mother—finds out and interrupts the procedure.  

Roles and Role Dynamics within the Daimler-Chrysler Corporation after Essay

Roles and Role Dynamics within the Daimler-Chrysler Corporation after Their Merger - Essay Example The paper tells that merger is one more important element of globalization. The phenomenon of a merger has been observed by the specialists of various sciences. One of the interesting aspects of the phenomenon is its influence on the corporate relations and the role dynamics after the process of merger. The case with Daimler-Chrysler Corporation is interesting to be examined as the example within the research as the case of the merger that appeared to be a takeover, with all its effects, influencing the relations within the corporation with its financial success. "In fact, up to 80 percent of corporate mergers and acquisitions fail to garner the expected financial gains, mainly because the deal-makers fail to anticipate the psychological and philosophical clashes that can undermine the alliance, industrial/organizational (I/O)". Before describing the circumstances of the merger it is important to describe the major events that happened just before the merger. The Chrysler company was a successful enterprise when it was headed by Lee Iacocca, its President. By the end of the 70s, he provided his company with $1.5 billion dollars as federal loan guarantees. These loan guarantees made Chrysler a profitable company until 1988 when innovations became necessary. The President of the company decided to risk and produced four kinds of new products - pickup trucks, sedans, minivan, and jeep. But at the beginning of the 90s Lee retired and it led the company to failure. After the merger, Chrysler began to lose money very quickly... The factors that led to such regress need careful consideration and the specialists are ambivalent as to determine the reason for the situation occurred. The company seemed to run well when the problems fell. When the problems revealed, the successor of Lee Iaccocoa, Robert Eaton, was fired and some other executives were fired with him. His place was occupied by Dieter Zetche, who found that the present market situation demands reorganization in the company structure. He created a team of specialists that replaced the executives that were fired with Robert Eaton. His innovations comprised changes in the improvement of the quality and as well as producing new products - a new model of pickup and jeep. This policy turned out to be successful and Chrysler received 788 million euros in 2002. In the merger of 1998, Daimler Benz and Chrysler Corporation created a new corporation of companies approximately of the same size but quite different in organizational culture and corporate relations. Chrysler was a company created in the USA, with the business strategy of the company dictated by the necessity of the flexible approaches and innovations. Daimler Benz was inspired by the features of the German culture - it is characterized by the strict hierarchical structure with high diversifications in corporate relations. The merger looked like it was the union of two partners with equal rights, and this was the information that had b een presented to the USA public by Daimler. But the fact was that the Chrysler Corporation had been sold. This led to numerous problems that occurred in the company itself, and these problems may partially influence the failure the company faced in 1998 - 2000.

Causes of the Great Depression

Causes of the Great Depression Moon Kyung Jung Economic fluctuations are inevitable in any nations that have any kinds of market, industries and more. However, there are always some unknown factors that deteriorate the fluctuations. During the 20th century, there were various economic fluctuations including the Great Depression which was triggered by some unknown factors at the time. This depression was considered one of the worst depressions ever faced by many nations during the time. Unemployment rate peaked at 24.9% that many people lost their jobs and decided to give up on their lives.[1] Even inflation rates sharply fluctuated which made investors to hesitate that whether they should invest or not. The Great Depression affected many nations around the world, including the U.S, and put these nations into disastrous situations. In this paper, there are two sections. First, I will talk about how the Great Depression started and came to hit the U.S. Also, I will be discussing about some effects the depression brought to the U.S. Lastly, I will talk about how the U.S economy was recovered and the process behind it. Falling Economy It is hard to point out where it exactly started from, but most countries started to face the depression at the same time.[2] Before we discuss about the Great Depression, let’s look at the industrial production of several countries. Before the depression started, many nations reached their peaks of production. During the time, the five major industrialized countries, the United States, Canada, Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom, were highly innovative, competitive, and large-investing nations. Among 22 industrialized nations, the United States was not hit by the Great Depression until first twelve countries were tied to the depression.[3] Most nations that are part of the League of Nations were affected by the depression in similar ways, but the U.S did not responded in the same way. Among these variations, how the United States faced immediate severity of the Great Depression in ways that sharp decline in American output is more important.[4] The first year for most countries was just a common bad year that they faced the average decline in production only over 9 percent, which was not considered that severe. Compared to these countries, the U.S faced a huge decline in industrial production, 21 percent in the first year. This fact makes the Great Depression was considered great in the U.S earlier than other nations.[5] In more depth about the decline in output, the initial fall in production was more focused on consumer goods, while investment goods remained relatively the same unlike other countries.[6] However, as this depression continued a few years, most countries were experiencing a greater depression than before. Among these countries, however, the United States was an apparent loser that from the peak to fall in industrial production of 62 percent, which is a significant number. There was no country that experienced the same magnitude of the decline.[7] Now, let’s talk about the causes of the â€Å"American† depression. Simply, between 1929 and 1933, there were chains of shocks caused the United States’ aggregate demand to decline repeatedly, which caused the economy down.[8] Specifically, the U.S. economy was apparently experiencing downturn in the summer of 1929. However, in the beginning, this downturn was at slow pace. Not surprisingly, the source of this downturn was tightening of Federal Reserve policy, which Fed started open market sales of securities in January 1928. [9] Unfortunately, Fed failed to decrease in the money supply because banks sought this as opportunities that they significantly increased their borrowing at the discount window.[10] Both nominal and real interest rates dramatically increased due to the interplay of the open market sales and the increased demand for money and brokers’ loans caused by the stock market boom.[11] Whenever there is rise in interest rates, it is assumable that the country will face some kind of negative situations because this rise would make people to save more than investment, which creates imbalance between savings and investments. And this monetary policy that causes this significant rise in interest rates was mostly due to the stock market according to Hamilton.[12] And the situation deteriorated in October 1929 as the stock market crashed. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York bought significant amounts of government bonds, thus increasing the stock of high-powered money, which made both nominal and real interest rates fall sharply, but was not good enough to hold the depression back. And even bank panics followed up and the real interest rates became consistently high. [13] Another feature of the depression is the collapse in domestic consumption spending which followed the stock market crash. As mentioned earlier, consumer spending played a significant role in the decline of output. [14] The main source of this drop in consumption was the crash market itself. The stock market crash and frequent fluctuations in stock prices created large amount of uncertainties about future income. The fluctuations of stock prices did not always made consumers and investors pessimistic about future, but just uncertain.[15] Also, this uncertainty was fostered by forecasts made by analysts of the time that they expressed tremendous uncertainty about their assumptions of the future.[16] And yes, it did immediately cut consumers’ and investors’ spending on irreversible goods and they simply waited for future information. Fortunately, sellers of essential goods, grocery stores for example experienced rise in their profits, since everyone was restraining themsel ves from wasting their income. Also, the effect of uncertainty also decreased consumer spending by decreasing wealth and by shifting households’ balance sheets toward illiquidity.[17] Lastly, let’s talk about last feature that deteriorated the depression. Doubtlessly, last source of the continuous decline in production was a series of banking panics.[18] Several panics occurred in sequences that one wave of panics followed by another and so on. In the process, more than 9000 banks were inevitably forced to suspend their operations and depositors and stockholders lost roughly $2.5 billion.[19] In detail, these banking failures came in many ways. First, the money supply was directly impacted by the bank failures. The ratio of deposits to currency fell significantly because the safety of banks misgave depositors which made them not to save their money to banks. [20] This lack of deposits to the banks sharply reduced the money multiplier and the situation got worse as the Fed has done nothing to increase the stock of high-powered money, which could reduce the effects of this shock in money supply. Also, the financial panics interrupted the intermediation role o f banks. As the bank failures prevented these banks to help out small businesses that cannot issue stocks or bonds, it became more expensive for other banks to loan to customers from the failed banks, because it required large amounts of transaction costs, which worsened the depression. [21] Recovery from the Great Depression There were many factors that deteriorated the depression and it seems unrecoverable. Then what possibly can restore the economy of the United States? There could been many solutions, but one solution at the time was stimulus to aggregate demand, large portion of it was in the form of monetary expansion.[22] Before the monetary expansion, there have been many fiscal policies involved to fix the situation, but they were mostly ineffective. The fact that aggregate demand stimulus really brought the recovery was largely caused by demand-induced changes in the money multiplier, which make people to spend their money instead of just keeping it under their bed.[23] Then how did this monetary expansion really took place? The main source of this increase in the money supply of the United States was a large amount of gold inflow began in 1933.[24] The rapid rate of the growth was a â€Å"consequence of gold inflow produced by the revaluation of gold plus the flight of capital to the United States. It was in no way a consequence of the contemporaneous business expansion.†[25] This increase in gold inflow and revaluation made people to spend more dollars on gold in exchange of risk of holding dollars. Another source of the immense movement of funds to the United States was the fast deterioration in the international political situation.[26] European citizens largely transferred their funds to the United States due to the increasing threat of a European war which created misgiving of seizure or destruction of wealth by the enemy.[27] Many economists concluded that â€Å"Munich and the outbreak of war in Europe were the main factors determining the U.S. money stock, as Hitler and the gold miners had been.†[28] It is ironic that other countries’ economic collapses helped the U.S. to restore its economy. To make the argument that monetary expansion was the source of the recovery more plausible, let’s look at the transmission mechanism. It is widely accepted that the increase in money supply will decrease the interest rates. First, nominal interest rates fall as the money stock increases. With fixed or rising expected inflation, the fall in nominal interest rates implies a fall in real interest rates. This drop in rates will foster people to buy more of equipment and durable consumer goods because cost of borrowing decreased as interest rates dropped.[29] During the depression, rise in wages and prices were not fully offset by the rapid monetary expansion. If money supply did not grow as fast as the rise in wages and prices, real balances would not have improved and there would have been no force on nominal interest rates, which possibly could restrain the restoration. But in fact the money supply did grow at very rapid rate that the prices and wages did not completely amend to the very rapid rates of money growth. This made the real balances to increase while the nominal interest rates fall during the recovery process. Even with these very low nominal interest rates, the economy was not fully recovered yet, but there was no other way to continue the monetary expansion. So, the main way to continue the monetary expansion was to encourage the economy by generating potentials of inflation and thus triggering a reduction in real interest rates. However, consumers and investors believed in the stickiness of price which made them to think that prices would rise ultimately and therefore expected inflation over the not too distant horizon.[30] In order for monetary expansions to stimulate the economy, not only the real interest rates had to decrease, but there had to be positive respond in investment and other types of interest-sensitive spending. [31] In fact, the economy responded as expected that there have been sharp increase in fixed investment and the consumption of durable goods. Over the next few years, the spending grew very rapidly as the real interest rates stayed negative. Although the economy still experienced fluctuations that real interest rates turned significantly positive which disrupted the growth of the economy by restraining the consumption and investment. However, overall the economy was finding its way back to the peak again at very fast rate that spending remained consistently high enough to stimulate the growth. Conclusion The Great Depression occurred in 1929 around the world indeed led the time into a chaos. Although the Great Depression occurred simultaneously in the industrialized countries, the U.S. depression was quite unique in several ways. Compare to other nations, the U.S. experienced much more severe declines. No country experienced similar magnitude of depression as the U.S. did. Also, the United States’ depression was started by a decline in consumption in durable goods due, increase bank failures, and sharp rise in interest rates. Since the Great Depression was a worldwide problem so it can be considered international shocks, but it also can be considered as national aggregate demand shocks, only in American perspective, because it had many uniquely American roots. There were many shocks that were internationally dealt, but it was ultimately the U.S. shocks and the U.S. policy choices that determined the path of the America. [32] Throughout the depression, the U.S. government tried many things to solve the situation. Yes, in fact the monetary expansion was the important key to the restoration of the United States’ economy from the depression. On the other hand, fiscal policy did not really help anything during the process and remained ineffective until 1942. Since, many international elements also contributed to the U.S. depression, there had to be some international elements to get through the situation. In fact, World War II helped the U.S. economy from further deterioration by many Europeans transfer their funds to the U.S. in order to avoid the risk of losing them by the war. Also, the large amount of gold inflow helped the U.S. expansionary monetary developments to be successful in decreasing both nominal and real interest rates, which stimulated the economy and people to spend their money on consumption of durable goods and investments. Also, the very low interest rates helped this positive atmos phere to continue furthermore and in fact the U.S. economy successfully recovered from the depression. [33] Although the Great Depression was successfully overcome, it is still doubtful that other depressions can be handled in the same way. Future research and more data is needed to confirm and confidently conclude that the actions took during the Great Depression was the â€Å"most† efficient and effective options. References The Nation in Depression. Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, Vol. 7 No. 2 (Spring, 1993), pp. 19-39 Printed. What Ended the Great Depression? Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Dec., 1992), pp. 757-784 [1] The Nation in Depression. Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, Vol. 7 No. 2 (Spring, 1993), pp. 19-39 Printed. [2] The Nation in Depression. Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, Vol. 7 No. 2 (Spring, 1993), pp. 19-39 Printed. [3] The Nation in Depression. Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, Vol. 7 No. 2 (Spring, 1993), pp. 19-39 Printed. [4] The Nation in Depression. Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, Vol. 7 No. 2 (Spring, 1993), pp. 19-39 Printed. [5] The Nation in Depression. Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, Vol. 7 No. 2 (Spring, 1993), pp. 19-39 Printed. [6] The Nation in Depression. Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, Vol. 7 No. 2 (Spring, 1993), pp. 19-39 Printed. [7] The Nation in Depression. Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, Vol. 7 No. 2 (Spring, 1993), pp. 19-39 Printed. [8] The Nation in Depression. Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, Vol. 7 No. 2 (Spring, 1993), pp. 19-39 Printed. [9] The Nation in Depression. Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, Vol. 7 No. 2 (Spring, 1993), pp. 19-39 Printed. [10] The Nation in Depression. Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, Vol. 7 No. 2 (Spring, 1993), pp. 19-39 Printed. [11] The Nation in Depression. Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, Vol. 7 No. 2 (Spring, 1993), pp. 19-39 Printed. [12] The Nation in Depression. Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, Vol. 7 No. 2 (Spring, 1993), pp. 19-39 Printed. [13] The Nation in Depression. Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, Vol. 7 No. 2 (Spring, 1993), pp. 19-39 Printed. [14] The Nation in Depression. Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, Vol. 7 No. 2 (Spring, 1993), pp. 19-39 Printed. [15] The Nation in Depression. Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, Vol. 7 No. 2 (Spring, 1993), pp. 19-39 Printed. [16] The Nation in Depression. Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, Vol. 7 No. 2 (Spring, 1993), pp. 19-39 Printed. [17] The Nation in Depression. Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, Vol. 7 No. 2 (Spring, 1993), pp. 19-39 Printed. [18] The Nation in Depression. Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, Vol. 7 No. 2 (Spring, 1993), pp. 19-39 Printed. [19] The Nation in Depression. Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, Vol. 7 No. 2 (Spring, 1993), pp. 19-39 Printed. [20] The Nation in Depression. Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, Vol. 7 No. 2 (Spring, 1993), pp. 19-39 Printed. [21] The Nation in Depression. Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, Vol. 7 No. 2 (Spring, 1993), pp. 19-39 Printed. [22] What Ended the Great Depression? Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Dec., 1992), pp. 757-784 [23] What Ended the Great Depression? Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Dec., 1992), pp. 757-784 [24] What Ended the Great Depression? Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Dec., 1992), pp. 757-784 [25] What Ended the Great Depression? Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Dec., 1992), pp. 757-784 [26] What Ended the Great Depression? Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Dec., 1992), pp. 757-784 [27] What Ended the Great Depression? Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Dec., 1992), pp. 757-784 [28] What Ended the Great Depression? Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Dec., 1992), pp. 757-784 [29] What Ended the Great Depression? Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Dec., 1992), pp. 757-784 [30] What Ended the Great Depression? Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Dec., 1992), pp. 757-784 [31] What Ended the Great Depression? Christina D.Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Cambridge University Press, Vol.52, No.4 (Dec., 1992), pp.757-784 [32] The Nation in Depression. Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, Vol. 7 No. 2 (Spring, 1993), pp. 19-39 Printed. [33] What Ended the Great Depression? Christina D. Romer, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Dec., 1992), pp. 757-784